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Fiction/Non-fiction: what can translation contribute to the debate?

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Fiction/Non-fiction: what can translation contribute to the debate?

Contemporary literature beats to the factual drum; the interweaving of fiction and non-fiction seems to dominate today’s literary production. Such a phenomenon can be seen in the increasing space accorded to creative non-fiction, or in the plethora of documentary graphic novels. It traces its origins back to the ground-breaking “faction” of Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood. For the coming academic year 2019-20, TRACT is continuing its “Translating the Contemporary” cycle by focusing on the place of translation in the circulation of such texts.

There is no denying that problem of the boundaries between fact and fiction (Lavocat, 2016) or the representation of reality in non-fiction texts may seem old hat – they have been excavated in the past by Barthes (1984), Searle (1979) or Schaeffer (1999). Yet today, the question raised by the categorisation of such texts lies at the heart of national and international debates. This is illustrated by the recent controversy in the New York Review of Books between the American historian Robert Paxton and the French writer Eric Vuillard, over Vuillard’s historical novel L'ordre du jour. The debate was continued in the recent publication of an article by the New Yorker which questioned the tradition of fake literature and its ethical dimension, after the publication of Impostors by Christopher L. Miller (2018). Miller’s study examines the practice of fake autobiography, presented as identity theft, in both French and American literature. These two examples question the central tenets of Francophone critical thinking. How does one deal with the “death of the author” in the era of “biographical capital” (Delory-Momberger, 2009)? Issues to do with intersectionality and cultural appropriation are also raised by such practices. How can the “reading pact” endure in the face of the triumph of authenticity, particularly in the United States? What distinction can be made between fakes, deceit and representation (Schaeffer, ibid.) when we are constantly reminded of the danger of fake news and other forms of editorial manipulation? In other words, where are we at in the game between reality and fiction in literature, and what contribution does translation make to such a debate?

The first issue that our seminar would like to explore is that of the classification of such writing. Does the labelling of such literature, as fiction or non-fiction, affect the translation, circulation and reception of texts which rely on the inclusion of facts from the real world? The critical, commercial and institutional success of these forms has not wavered for several years. Witness the various forms it can take: Barthes’ “documentary literature” (biography, autobiography, diary, travel narrative, investigation, journalistic narrative), the autofictions and microfictions of the Francophone world, memoirs and English-speaking factions, the creative or narrative non-fiction, the new journalism of Tom Wolfe and Gay Talese, or indeed the gonzo journalism of Hunter S. Thompson. The ultimate validation of such forms can be seen in the Nobel Prize awarded in 2015 to Svetlana Alexievitch. The study of these categories and their characteristics can usefully be examined via the terms used to describe them. The use of prefixes (non-fiction), affixes (autofiction, microfiction) and portmanteau words (faction), for instance, is revealing. So too is the cross-fertilisation of these genres, which draw on both the English and French traditions.

Another possible approach might examine the junction between the methods and postulates of literature and those employed in the social sciences, especially in history and sociology. The Paxton/Vuillard debate mentioned earlier echoes the oppositions found between a fictional discourse and the writing of history. How do those distinct editorial and academic traditions rub along together? Ivan Jablonka’s manifesto (2014) militates in favour of creative history as a form of “contemporary literature”. How do such hybrid texts pass the translation test? Can translation lay bare the tensions that lie at the heart of such hybridity?

A final topic that we hope to study in our seminar will take account of the discursive dimension of such texts. How do they redefine both the “reading pact” and the reader’s “willing suspension of disbelief”? If, as Searle suggests, non-fiction is a form of assertion, then this presupposes a number of semantic and pragmatic rules for taking charge of such statements. It influences the author’s sincerity, and the ability to prove what the texts argue. These are rules from which fiction is exempt as it only pretends to assert things. What position should a translator adopt when faced with a text that intends to mix or blur such forms?

This final issue also includes the question of documentation, bibliographic referencing and even possible legal disputes and other scandals that may arise from the publication of texts that include very real people. Martin Hirsch recently highlighted this case when pointing to his presence on the list of accused in Edouard Louis' novel Qui a tué mon père (2018) and wondering if such a gesture would be understood by the readership of the translated text. His inclusion is down to a literary and aesthetic gesture, linked to his role in the establishment of the RSA (the minimum unemployment benefit). This position is in sharp contrast to the precautions taken by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich in The Fact of a Body: a murder and a memoir (Flatiron Books, 2017). The story combines an autobiographical plot with her investigation into the murder of a child. At the end of the book, she cites the journalistic and judicial documents that were the sources for each chapter, and outlines the elements that represent a literary reconstruction on her part. Whether it be a legal precaution, a deconstruction of the narrative device, or a tacit admission of the limits of the genre, Marzano-Lesnevich’s precautions have been maintained in the French edition by the French publisher (L'Empreinte, translation Héloïse Esquié, Sonatine 2019). This offers us an example of how the discursive positioning of these authors and their translators continues to develop along with the success of this fiction/non-fiction as a literary genre.

Fiction/Non-fiction : que dit la traduction ?

Dans la continuité de deux années consacrées à la traduction de la pensée française dans le monde, le TRACT poursuit son cycle « Traduire le contemporain » en s’intéressant à la place de la traduction dans la circulation des textes appartenant « aux territoires de la non-fiction » pour reprendre le titre du colloque organisé en 2017 par le Pôle HALL d’USPC[1]. Si la problématique des frontières entre fait et fiction (Lavocat, 2016) ou de la représentation de la réalité dans les textes de non-fiction peut sembler déjà ancienne, comme le montrent les travaux de Barthes (1984), Searle (1979) ou Schaeffer (1999), il semble toutefois que la question générique soit aujourd’hui au cœur de questionnements et débats nationaux et internationaux, comme l’illustre la récente polémique ayant opposé au sein de la New York Review of Books l’historien américain Robert Paxton et l’écrivain français Eric Vuillard, autour de son roman historique L’ordre du jour[2].

Autre signe des temps dans ce dialogue transatlantique, la publication récente d’un article du New Yorker[3] s’interrogeant sur la tradition du faux littéraire et son aspect éthique dans la foulée de la publication de Impostors de Chistopher L. Miller (2018), étude sur la pratique de la fausse autobiographie dans la littérature française et américaine présentée comme une usurpation identitaire. S’il pourrait être tentant de n’y voir qu’une coïncidence, ces exemples interrogent bel et bien des concepts centraux de la critique de tradition francophone : qu’en est-il de la « mort de l’auteur » à l’époque du « capital biographique » (Delory-Momberger, 2009) et des débats sur l’intersectionnalité et l’appropriation culturelle, du « pacte de lecture » face au triomphe de l’authenticité, notamment aux Etats-Unis, ou encore des distinctions entre feintise, tromperie et représentation (Schaeffer, ibid.) face au danger des fake news et autres manipulations éditoriales ? Pour le dire autrement, où en sommes-nous dans le jeu entre réalité et fiction au sein de l’écriture et quelle place la traduction tient-elle dans celui-ci ?

Une première piste d’exploration pourra s’articuler sur la question générique et sur la traduction, la circulation et la réception de formes dont le dispositif met en jeu ou questionne la mise en récit de faits du monde réel. De la « littérature de document » dont parlait Barthes (biographie, autobiographie, journal, récit de voyage, enquête, récit journalistique), aux autofictions et microfictions francophones, memoirs et factions anglophones, en passant par le nonfiction novel hérité de Truman Capote, la creative ou narrative nonfiction, le nouveau journalisme de Tom Wolfe et Gay Talese, le gonzo de Hunter S. Thompson ou plus généralement la « littérature du réel », le succès critique, commercial et institutionnel de ces formes ne se dément pas depuis plusieurs années, comme en témoigne le Prix Nobel remis en 2015 à Svetlana Alexievitch. Pour autant, la question de ces catégories et de leurs caractéristiques, de leur désignation grâce à l’emploi de privatifs (non-fiction), d’affixes (autofiction, microfiction) ou de mots valises (faction) riches de sens, l’influence mutuelle des traditions anglophones et francophones et les défis que pose la traduction de ces genres constitueront un champ de réflexion fertile pour espérer retrouver notre chemin dans cette jungle du réel.

Un deuxième axe pourra concerner l’articulation entre les méthodes et postulats de ces dispositifs d’écriture et les sciences humaines, notamment l’histoire et la sociologie. En effet, la polémique Paxton/Vuillard évoquée plus haut entre en écho avec des oppositions que l’on retrouve chez nombre d’auteurs ayant réfléchi à la définition du discours de fiction, celle qui met face à face le roman, et plus particulièrement le roman historique, et l’écriture de l’Histoire[4]. Comment faire dialoguer des traditions éditoriales et universitaires distinctes ? Les décloisonnements que certains appellent de leurs vœux, faisant par exemple de l’histoire une « littérature contemporaine » pour reprendre le titre du manifeste d’Ivan Jablonka (2014), passent-ils l’épreuve de la traduction et celle-ci peut-elle agir comme un agent révélateur vis-à-vis de ces textes et de leurs postulats ?

Enfin, on pourra traiter la question de la non-fiction sous son aspect discursif, et voir en quoi ces formes contribuent à redéfinir le pacte de lecture, la « suspension de l’incrédulité » ou la mimesis, faisant naître dans le même temps un certain nombre de polémiques. Si, comme le propose Searle, la non-fiction est une assertion, alors cela présuppose un certain nombre de règles sémantiques et pragmatiques en matière de prise en charge des énoncés, de sincérité et de possibilité de prouver ce qui est avancé ; règles dont la fiction se dispense puisqu’elle feint d’asserter. Comment se situer face à un texte qui entend mêler ces discours ou brouiller les frontières qui les séparent ? En posant la question de ce qui constitue un fait, à la suite de Barthes, et du rôle des « effets de réel » dans la fiction comme dans le document, on pourra se demander où le traducteur peut se placer en tant que locuteur intermédiaire. En allant plus loin, si l’attrait de ces textes provient avant tout de leur promesse d’une représentation fidèle ou du moins honnête du réel, que faire de la traduction comme activité de représentation ou de feintise langagière ? L’image d’Epinal d’un traducteur effacé représentant de façon transparente et non-problématique le texte-source ou la pensée de l’auteur n’est-elle pas d’autant plus mise à mal si le rapport du texte au réel ou à l’extratextuel est déjà une source de trouble, d’illusion ou de débat ? Si le traducteur, acteur social du monde réel, n’a rien de fictif, une position qui le verrait ne pas avoir à répondre de ses paroles, ni de leur vérifiabilité — comme pour un texte de fiction — est-elle seulement tenable ? Ainsi mis face au monde à travers le texte-source, quelles démarches spécifiques devra-t-il engager ?

On pense notamment ici à la question de la documentation, du référencement bibliographique voire aux éventuelles démêlées judiciaires et autres scandales que peuvent provoquer la publication de textes incluant des personnes bien réelles, comme le soulignait récemment Martin Hirsch, se demandant si sa présence dans la liste des accusés du roman Qui a tué mon père d’Edouard Louis (2018) serait bien comprise, une fois le texte traduit, comme un geste littéraire et esthétique lié à son rôle dans la mise en place du RSA[5]. A l’inverse, on peut penser aux précautions prises par Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich dans The Fact of a Body : a murder and a memoir (Flatiron Books, 2017), récit mêlant une trame autobiographique et son enquête sur le meurtre d’un enfant issue de la tradition du nonfiction novel : à la fin de l’ouvrage, elle prend soin de référencer pour chaque chapitre ce qui relève de la lecture de documents journalistiques et judiciaires et ce qui est une reconstruction littéraire de sa part. Précaution juridique, déconstruction réflexive du dispositif narratif ou admission tacite des limites du genre, ce paratexte a en tout cas été conservé par l’éditeur français (L’Empreinte, traduction Héloïse Esquié, Sonatine 2019), offrant peut-être un exemple de la façon dont le positionnement discursif de ces auteurs et de leurs traducteurs évolue avec le succès de ce champ littéraire.

 

Proposals (approximately 300 words + short bio) should be sent to Clíona Ní Ríordáin (cliona.ni-riordain@sorbonne-nouvelle.fr) and Charles Bonnot (charles.bonnot@sorbonne-nouvelle.fr).

 

Bibliographie

Roland Barthes, Le bruissement de la langue, Paris, Seuil, 1984.

Anthony Beevor, « The appeal of faction to writers and readers has recently increased in a dramatic way », The Guardian, 19 février 2011.

Christine Delory-Momberger, La condition biographique: essais sur le récit de soi dans la modernité avancée, Paris, Téraèdre, 2009.

Umberto Eco, Lector in Fabula ou la Coopération interprétative dans les textes narratifs, Paris, Grasset, 1985.

Monika Fludernik, Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology, Londres, New York, Routledge, 1996.

Gérard Genette, « Fictional narrative, factual narrative », Poetics Today, vol. 11, n°4: “Narratology Revisited II”, p 755-774, 1990.

Bernard Guelton (dir.), Fictions & médias : intermédialité dans les fictions artistiques, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, « Arts et monde contemporain », 2011.

Martin Hirsch, Comment j’ai tué son père, Paris, Stock, 2019.

Ivan Jablonka, L’Histoire est une littérature contemporaine : manifeste pour les sciences sociales, Paris, Seuil, 2014.

Françoise Lavocat, Fait et fiction : pour une frontière, Paris, Seuil, 2016.

Françoise Lavocat (dir.), La Théorie littéraire des mondes possibles, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2010.

Jean-Luc Lioult, A l’enseigne du réel. Penser le documentaire, Aix-en-provence, Publications de l’Université de Provence, 2004.

Edouard Louis, Qui a tué mon père, Paris, Seuil, 2018.

Judith Lyon-Caen et Dinah Ribard, L’historien et la littérature, Paris, La Découverte, 2010

Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich, The Fact of a Body: a Murder and a Memoir, New York, Flatiron Books, 2017.

Christopher L. Miller, Impostors:Literary Hoaxes and Cultural Authenticity, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2018.

Christopher Nash, Narrative in Culture. The Use of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy and Literature, Londres, Routledge. 1990.

Bill Nichols, Representing Reality, Issues and Concept in Documentary, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1991.

Gisèle Sapiro, La Responsabilité de l’écrivain. Littérature, droit et morale en France (XIXe-XXIe siècle), Paris, Seuil, 2011.

Jean-Marie Schaeffer, Pourquoi la fiction, Paris, Seuil, 1999.

Jean-Marie Schaeffer, « Fictional vs. Factual narration », in Peter Hühn et al. (éd.), The Living Handbook of Narratology,Hambourg, Hambourg University Press, Disponible en ligne : http://wikis.sub.uni-hamburg.de/lhn/index.php/Fictional_vs._Factual_Narration [dernière modification le 8 mars 2013, consulté le 20 mai 2019].

John Searle, Sens et expression : études de théorie des actes de langage, traduction Joëlle Proust, Paris, Editions de Minuit, [1979] 1982.

Lars-Åke Skalin (éd.), Narrativity, Fictionality and Literariness. The narrative Turn and the Study of Literary Fiction, Örebro, Örebro Univeristy, 2005.

Paul Veyne, Comment on écrit l’histoire, essai d’épistémologie, Paris, Seuil, 1971.

Eric Vuillard, L’ordre du jour, Arles, Actes Sud, 2017.

[1] Territoires de la non-fiction, Projet « Littératures du monde », Philippe Daros, Alexandre Gefen, Alexandre Prstojevic, 7-9 décembre 2017.

[2] Voir ici la critique du roman de E. Vuillard par R. Paxton et ici la réponse du romancier.

[3] « Faking It », Louis Menand, The New Yorker, 10 décembre 2018

[4] On pense ici aux travaux de Schaeffer sur les biographies fictionnelles, aux réflexions de Searle prenant pour exemples un article du New York Times, un roman d’Iris Murdoch et le personnage de Sherlock Holmes ou encore aux développements de Barthes sur l’effet de réel et l’illusion documentaire s’appuyant sur Michelet et Flaubert.

[5] « Edouard Louis n’a pas le monopole de Bourdieu », interview publiée dans Le Monde le 22 février 2019. Le jeu littéraire ne s’arrête pas là puisque Martin Hirsch a publié cette année un roman intitulé Comment j’ai tué son père (Stock) dans lequel un tueur à gage nomme « Nitram » est envoyé sur les traces de son père par Edouard Louis lui-même.

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